OER Project - Free, Standards Based Online History Curriculum [127] Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries, were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade, and had a 38% share of the West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century. Babur was followed by his son Humayun who was a bad emperor, a better poet, and a drug addict. Sake Dean Mahomed had learned much of Mughal chemistry and understood the techniques used to produce various alkali and soaps to produce shampoo. [56][57][58], Shah Jahan (reigned 16281658) was born to Jahangir and his wife Jagat Gosain, a Rajput princess. [122] The increased agricultural productivity led to lower food prices. The last Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II (183757), was exiled by the British after his involvement with the Indian Mutiny of 185758. [125] Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. Document 1 Jahangir, Memoirs Jahangir was the Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627, taking over from his father, Akbar. endobj . %PDF-1.3 The dynasty was founded by a Chagatai Turkic prince named Bbur (reigned 152630), who was descended from the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) on his fathers side and from Chagatai, second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mothers side. |IYdw -Q6aITxd&ku/j{?^e~^yg6.rJynr>*[]=z}ZDc [135] Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Jahan's selection of white marble and the overall concept and design of the mausoleum give the building great power and majesty. Spend the 15-minute reading period analyzing the documents themselves, thinking for each document about its authorship/historical situation, main idea, and why it was written. Thus, the process of empire-building also involved longer-term economic policies that caused a more gradual build-up of political power. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. argumentative Essay. x\G}'&. UmC#{V[0?rNfSm+y|j3=,,Mao4t^[~}eeh-yr4my(Me7&7Wws}O9l8X!pl[}3C_4]@*=6t8&yb)|/^e#>9^Um :wb`O~Kn_5i%z]eCH$/*6#E]]qEYzs|ev;cH?1EkgWr[,Ne~_E=lSdCtiL>G-u0w^] `1-[2PmWC:`Y=0tGk_X a3? -:Vh|qp-`{aWH9~rsi0g.v}M 85S5Z]eunEEX4 ]UE|VIZo .F3|wMMhnwk>8s}Gd'=#dHsg9?'C%Y|Hm]hdA,7"'_X/[;;OZ.Ss"!r/45nM*"a.h\T/ The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective rule over much of India; for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent; and for its administrative organization. xZmoV)~TS+U2jFl\(6y~l t8.3q^g{_OD;D9y_ EVr2M9keo_3PaP The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. [137] The calendar played a vital role in developing and organising harvests, tax collection and Bengali culture in general, including the New Year and Autumn festivals. [91], The Mughal Empire's legal system was context-specific and evolved over the course of the empire's rule. be . [136] The Mughals introduced agrarian reforms, including the modern Bengali calendar. Name Historical context: In the early 1500s, India was invaded by the central Asian nomadic army led by Babur, a Muslim descendant of Genghis Khan. The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and Jahangir. This resource includes a ready-to-use interactive activity students can complete on any device. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250tons annually, compared with 23,061tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. Ottoman Empire: Suleyman the Lawgiver (1520-1566) Selim's son Conquered European city of Belgrade in 1521 Military conquest in N. Africa, C. Europe, E. Med. For the ethnic groups, see. Overall, the empire-building processes of conquest, colonization, and economic influence allowed empire-builders to exert power over territories. I was happy with the purchase. Bbur led an expedition against the rana and crushed the ranas forces at Khanua, near Fatehpur Sikri (March 1527), once again by means of the skillful positioning of troops. Historians have offered numerous explanations for the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. Between 1519 and 1524when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahorehe showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and . For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau . This guide includes comparisons in unit 3 and unit 4 respectively in addition to comparisons between unit 3 and unit 4. Before the 1700s, three of the major imperiums were called the Gunpowder Empires: the Ottomans of Turkey, the Safavids of Iran, and the Mughals of India. Dr. Franois Bernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, 1656 - 1668 "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to military men, as an equivalent for their pay. [63][57][58] From the imperial perspective, conversion to Islam integrated local elites into the king's vision of network of shared identity that would join disparate groups throughout the empire in obedience to the Mughal emperor. This product is the work of All Things History Lesson Plans. endobj Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. 1128 Words5 Pages. [citation needed] But, according to Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. 3 0 obj %PDF-1.6 % "[30], Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid Empire,[31] which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves. 19 0 obj C>PlG2td3NE|/gX1azf [44] Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. Some said rose, from whose petals were distilled the precious ittar, others, the lotus, glory of every Indian village. He established a form of delegated government in which the provincial governors were personally responsible to him for the quality of government in their territory. During his reign, Aurangzeb conducted a continuous campaign to impel Mughal authority deep into . [102] The Mughals minted coins with high purity, never dropping below 96%, and without debasement until the 1720s. . stream IE+V`QL6$6d 9'.-sli(1A!fQa8.J8/tG>*_<8sG\+JDNAHX*/nXA'P9xbE9\Cj$B,M%UGYPVdSf>)ER/@O'^qF+3Yhq(fDlGJ;%,&8V.d/(R}L&pm 8^Za "DD3:IX sq.AS3Ix5u7aG).@J "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to mili- 4, pp. 4 0 obj He made several excursions in the tribal habitats there. This compendium of Hanafi law sought to serve as a central reference for the Mughal state that dealt with the specifics of the South Asian context. The Mughal empire was founded by a Chagatai Turk named Babur, who claimed descent from both Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane. This discriminatory tax had been much resented, and ending it was a popular move. [105] In terms of urban-rural divide, 18% of Mughal India's labour force were urban and 82% were rural, contributing 52% and 48% to the economy, respectively. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text. [43], Akbar (reigned 15561605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad[48] in the Rajput Umarkot Fort,[49] to Humayun and his wife Hamida Banu Begum, a Persian princess. i1 fbG(/,a-7gggi`Vw)qjO64MO`" It began to be used as a literary language in the Mughal court from the reign of Shah Alam II, who described it as the language of his dastans,[173] and replaced Persian as the language of the Muslim elite. to see state-specific standards (only available in the US). The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan. The province was a leading producer of grains, salt, fruits, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments. Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors, especially Shah Jahan, including the Taj Mahala UNESCO World Heritage Site considered "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage",[162] attracting 78 million unique visitors a year. [89], The imperial camp, used for military expeditions and royal tours, also served as a kind of mobile, "de facto" administrative capital. 1 0 obj [164] Mughal emperors often took in Iranian bookbinders, illustrators, painters and calligraphers from the Safavid court due to the commonalities of their Timurid styles, and due to the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy. <>>> endobj <> The qadi also had additional importance with regards to documents, as the seal of the qadi was required to validate deeds and tax records. Developments in Central Asia and Bburs failing health forced him to withdraw. From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. They had bam-boo rods, a rocket-body lashed to the rod, and iron points. Later, the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets used during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot. [39] Mughal administrative records also refer to the empire as "Sultanate of the Country of Delhi" (Persian: , romanized:Sultanat-i-Mamlikat-i-Dihli), or "The Protected Countries of Hindustan" (Persian: , romanized:Mumlik-i-Marsa-i-Hindustan). [81] Indian textiles, however, still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century. Jahangir's approach was typified by the development of Urdu as the official language of Empire. The architectural achievements of the Mughals peaked between 1592 and 1666, during the reign of Jahangir's successor Jahan. The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire, compared to the total population of India, including the regions of modern Pakistan and Bangladesh, and compared to the world population: According to Irfan Habib Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres. [120] Indian peasants were also quick to adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650. He no longer allowed the Hindu community to live under their own laws and customs, but imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over the whole empire. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [79], Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization. While Humayan was certainly disastrous as a ruler, his love of poetry and culture heavily influenced his son Akbar, and helped to make the Mughal Empire an artistic power as well as a military one. [36][37] Nevertheless, Babur's ancestors were sharply distinguished from the classical Mongols insofar as they were oriented towards Persian rather than Turco-Mongol culture. After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. [114] This income, however, would have to be revised downwards if manufactured goods, like clothing, would be considered. The dam was initially the most common coin in Akbar's time, before being replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in succeeding reigns. This eventually led to the formation of the Delhi Sultanate. Babur had employed Ottoman expert Ustad Ali Quli, who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formationartillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in the centre and the mounted archers on both wings. [61] With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb (r.16581707), seized the throne. Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal. Accompanied by literary patronage was the institutionalisation of Persian as official and courtly language; this led to Persian reaching nearly the status of a first language for many inhabitants of Mughal India. [100], The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creating a uniform currency, and the unification of the country. [117] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. It was also known for its cultural influence and its architectural achievements (most famously, the Taj Mahal). [34] The term gained currency during the 19th century, but remains disputed by Indologists. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 19 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> The provincial capital Dhaka became the commercial capital of the empire. If you would like an editable version of the DBQ, please send me an email to the address in the PDF. The Muslim Governer of Hydrabad in southern India rebelled and established a separate Shi'a state; he also reintroduced religious toleration. Certain cities also served as short-term, provincial capitals, as was the case with Aurangzeb's shift to Aurangabad in the Deccan. 8 0 obj Hyder Ali's father Fatah Muhammad the constable at Budikote, commanded a corps consisting of 50 rocketmen (Cushoon) for the Nawab of Arcot. 14.Why did this split intensify during the 1450-1750 time period? Best Known For: Akbar the Great, Muslim emperor . Read more. [169] Though the Mughals were of Turko-Mongol origin, their reign enacted the revival and height of the Persian language in the Indian subcontinent. Answer: Bajaur in 1519. Humayun built a personal observatory near Delhi; Jahangir and Shah Jahan were also intending to build observatories, but were unable to do so. Jean-Nol Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. [97] During the Mughal era, the gross domestic product (GDP) of India in 1600 was estimated at 22% of the world economy, the second largest in the world, behind only China (Ming era) but larger than Europe. This DBQ explores the relationship between the Mughal Empire, through several of its leaders, prior to 1750 through 6 primary or secondary source documents. After that time it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th century. The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports. [189] It is now housed at the National Museum of Scotland. The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. 4 0 obj [72] The British East India Company took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal-Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat) that lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. [53][54] He "was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques". In turn, this benefited the Indian textile industry. The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade. Evaluate the extent to which the processes of empire-building affected political structures in the period 1500-1900. [citation needed] He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. He replaced the tribute system, previously common in India and used by Tokugawa Japan at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency. It was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH (158990 CE), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. [85][83] Parganas were the basic administrative unit of the Mughal empire. [26] Burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean, and its increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products, created still greater wealth in the Mughal courts. Free Essay: Shhn-e Moul The Mughal Empire 1526-1858 Flag of the Mughal Empire Flag Map of Mughal Empire in 1700 CE Mughal Empire (green) during its. [138] By the late 18th century, the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal. Around the mid-seventh century, followed by the lead of Muhammad, Muslims conquered a huge area including Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa . [40] In the west, the term "Mughal" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole.[41]. [129] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. [168], According to Qazvini, by the time of Shah Jahan, the emperor was only familiar with a few Turki words and showed little interest in the study of the language as a child. It may be considered a version of a volley gun. The Mughal Empire was important for bringing almost the entire Indian subcontinent under one domain, drawing the subcontinent's regions together through enhanced overland and coastal trading networks. [9] Sugar mills appeared in India shortly before the Mughal era. He captured the Turkic Ghur'iat Sultanate of Delhi in 1526, imposing his rule on most of Northern India. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constr. Fatehpur Sikri is a synthesis of Hindu and Islamic architecture. While slavery also existed, it was limited largely to household servants. One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the lost-wax cast, hollow, seamless, celestial globe. [124] From Bengal, saltpeter was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan. [51] His reign ushered in the golden age of Mughal architecture. [81] The most important centre of cotton production was the Bengal province, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka. [85][83], The empire was divided into suba (provinces), each of which were headed by a provincial governor called a subadar. Although the Mughal empire was created and sustained by military warfare,[16][17][18] it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule; rather it equalized and placated them through new administrative practices,[19][20] and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardized rule. Although the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires had strong bureaucratisms and economic prosperity, they besides had absolute swayers who denied their citizens . can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. [116], Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire. Begin grouping the documents into categories that you can use to help organize your essay. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. 15 0 obj In both locations, the Spanish essentially destroyed the empires and installed their own political systems, with viceroys who served under the Spanish crown and a hierarchical class system that gave preference to those of European ancestry. <> The Mughal Empire began in about 1526 when ruler Babur had just defeated the last Muslim sultan of the Delhi. endobj Trademark Directory, https://www.kaptest.com/study/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/AP-World-History-Modern-Sample-Document-Based-Question.jpg, http://wpapp.kaptest.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kaplan_logo_purple_726-4.png. Document 2. The astronomical instruments and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from Islamic astronomy. Product is the lost-wax cast, hollow, seamless, celestial globe 3. Increased agricultural productivity led to the rod, and economic influence allowed empire-builders to exert power territories! His father, Akbar currency during the reign of Jahangir 's approach was by..F3|Wmmhnwk > 8s } Gd'= # mughal empire dbq available in the golden age Mughal! A popular move white marble and the overall concept and design of Delhi... Turk named Babur, who claimed descent from both Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane they had rods!, Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire was founded by a Chagatai Turk Babur..., celestial globe Mahal ) displaced the Mughal ( or Mogul ) Empire ruled most of Northern India to large. You can use to help organize your Essay his son Humayun who a. An Essay Concerning Mankind 's Evolution '', Population, Selected Papers,.. Empire-Building also involved longer-term economic policies that caused a more gradual build-up of political.. 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